Essay starters for college essays
Essay Topics For Venus The Play Susan Lori Parks
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Marks of Maturity Essay
As a member inside my center gathering, my lessons should help every one of them inâ⬠¦ The ability of distinguishing the connection among Jesus and the Law, by Applying their hermeneutic aptitudes to precisely decipher Scriptures through basic reasoning. Picking up skill for themselves in giving a guard for why Christ is the Messiah, by Understanding the Great Commission, the Covenants of God, and Godââ¬â¢s reason for sending Christ. Settling on a choice for Christ if not yet spared, or affirming explanations behind their confidence, by Taking them to what the Word says about what is solicited from a pupil of Christ, and what is required of a devotee to be spared. Be capable in distinguishing the basics of the Christian confidence, by Demonstrating the ability to finish the inclination test endless supply of the given material for this exercise. Using the abilities to utilize these exercises to anybody they know like loved ones, by Sharing the data in the freebees given during the exercise with friends and family, admit their confidence (NEW BELIEVERââ¬â¢S ) and additionally understanding why itââ¬â¢s significant (EVERYONE), and resolving to satisfy the Great Commission once comprehended, in the network. Upon the fruitful culmination of this course of study, an understudy could be relied upon to settle on a choice for Christ in the event that they had not effectively done as such. Having just done as such notwithstanding, an understudy could be relied upon to reaffirm their choice for an existence with Christ. Every understudy will be given the basics important to basically break down and decipher such religious standards, for example, the Covenants with God, the guarantee of Christ, the Great Commission, and the way to Discipleship. After comprehension of these components one could construct a practicum inside a little gathering to present to the remainder of the class on what five things they would stress in seeing to a relative or companion. I would ask that everybody present a name to me of somebody they realized that was lost profoundly, and that they could genuinely observe themselves having a discussion dependent on the practicum they submitted before introducing. When the exercise is given, and the gatherings share their introduction the gatherings would be separated in gatherings of two. These gatherings would then utilize the practicum to go before one individual for every two man bunch similarly disseminated by their ranges of abilities and observer to my preferred one lost individual. Clarifying every one of the exercise basics with this individual an outline ought to be composed of what was talked about, and the responses for this lost individual. This rundown ought to be brief to not fill over five minutes however thorough enough to give subtleties. Examining the result would be helpful for the class so that if a comparable circumstance showed up for them they would have a general thought how to serve the circumstance. When the discoveries are summed up a concise audit of the exercise will be controlled where the class will be permitted to respond to the survey questions out loud. As I check out the room, recognizing the inquiry to only one understudy will at times be required dependent on my perceptions in theâ last two meetings with them. From here an unobtrusive test dependent on the desires and evidence model will be given, close to 15 inquiries. From that point we will exchange papers with an alternate accomplice and grade the papers discretely. I will stroll around the space to guarantee nobody missed a lot of inquiries, and if so catch up with those people. My email will be given at shutting to give help on anything comparative with training later, and in regards to the exercise challenge, I will give every person as per the level I watched them a test to email me that will relate to the exercises I have given and applying them on the planet.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Derivatives and Alternatives Investment Written Assignment Coursework
Subordinates and Alternatives Investment Written Coursework - Assignment Example The component of financing cost trade is clarified underneath with the assistance of a little model. Let consider to party An and be associated with the intrigue trade for a time of 5 years. The installment made by A will be determined at 6% fixed loan cost where with respect to B the rate is determined at a half year coasting. The chief let us consider as $10 million. Incomes for the above case are portrayed in the chart underneath: Payment toward the finish of half year Period Fixed Rate Payments Floating rate Payment 8 months Libor Net money from A to B 1 300000 337500 - 37500 2 300000 337500 - 37500 3 300000 337500 - 37500 4 300000 325000 - 25000 5 300000 325000 - 25000 6 300000 325000 - 25000 7 300000 312500 - 12500 8 300000 312500 - 12500 9 300000 312500 - 12500 10 300000 325000 - 25000 - 2500000 b. Is supporting this portfolio necessary?â Hedging can be characterized as a procedure which control or diminish the hazard related with any sort of exchange. Supporting should be p ossible contemplating of the market mixture which may show up later on, which is actually inverse to that of the present physical economic situation as far as cost. Supporting the portfolio is a superior choice for the benefit director taking into account since a long time ago run benefit making. At present there are a fixed rate SWAP in the event of EURO market, and drifting loan fee with bank of Ericaca for residency of 1 year. Be that as it may, If the national bank pulls back the help behind the advantage value then there will be an opportunity of a decline in the benefit cost. So to support to contribute for a 1 year term will assist the financial specialist with getting the benefit. We can think about two distinct situations: if the advantage cost goes down in next one year or if the benefit cost goes up in next one year. In the main occurrence, if the benefit cost goes down the estimation of the agreement will diminish, so the advantage the board organization will bring about misfortune in future exchange, yet the buy that he needs to make will pick up benefit for him. Then again on the off chance that the estimation of the advantage increments throughout the year, at that point toward the finish of the term, the benefit administrator will pick up benefit for his future exchange, yet then again to buy the new resource he needs to pay all the more consequently there is a chance of misfortune. So in both the cases there is an opportunity of misfortune which can be overruled by the benefit of long haul agreement or support that the advantage the executives organization have avoid potential risk. c. Is supporting this portfolio essential without IRS? The portfolio would require supporting even without the IRS in view of the German values which has a place with the Euro district and needs supporting. The USD LIBOR loaning is hedgined by the fates contract yet the values require further supporting with the assistance of long haul fates. Reference Corb, H. (20 13), Interest rates Swaps and different Derivatives, Columbia University Press. a) Credit default Swap or CDS can be characterized as an understanding among dealer and the purchaser, in the event of advance default. It is a monetary trade understanding, where the purchaser makes a progression of installment to the dealer and gets the result if the credit gets default. The idea was first designed by Blythe Masters of JP Morgan in the year 1994. As indicated by Schutz (2012), it is a basic protection agreement to support the acknowledge chance related for any sort of credits. It is a sort of subsidiaries, the estimation of which relies upon the chance of an organization defaulting. Schutz in his composing referenced about the presence of two various types of
Monday, August 17, 2020
Professional Experience What is it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
Professional Experience What is it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is true that the Admissions Committee at SIPA does value professional experience when making an admission decision. But what exactly is professional experience? Full-time paid work experience obviously counts, but we also value internships and volunteer work. Younger applicants are particularly curious about the question of professional experience. The average age of a student who enrolled in the two-year, full-time MPA or MIA program at SIPA in the fall of 2008 was 27 years and 2 months. 82% of those admitted were age 25 or older. This means the majority of those admitted have worked full-time for three or more years. The 18% of admitted applicants less than age 25 were able to demonstrate a unique blend of experience and aptitude. Examples of aptitude and experience can include: model U.N. involvement, study abroad, internships, student government involvement, leadership in associations, volunteer work, second language proficiency, focused research as an undergraduate student, exceptional GRE test scores, and coursework related to quantitative methods. Quantitative preparation can include coursework in statistics, economics, and in high level math classes such as linear algebra and calculus. If you are a younger applicant and believe the time is right to apply there is no real downside to going through the process. We allow applicants to apply up to three times to our program. Thus if you do not gain admission, you are always welcome to apply again after obtaining additional experience or strengthening your qualifications. And if you possess a unique blend of experience and aptitude, you might be in the minority of students with little or no work experience who are admitted.
Sunday, May 24, 2020
Trace The Path Of How A Bill Becomes A Law Case Study
1. Trace the path of how a bill becomes a law in detail from the beginning to end, explaining every hurdle it might have to overcome along the way. The law-making process starts when a member of Congress introduces a bill, with several other members that sponsors to show support for the proposed bill. As soon as the bill is introduced, the bill is sent to the clerk of the chamber to number the bill: HR 1 for House of Representatives and S 1 for the Senate. Thereafter, the bill is printed and distributed to the appropriate committee/s for the consideration of the bill. The committee refers the bill to its subcommittee, who researches the bill and the chair then decides whether to hold hearings or to deny (kill the bill). The subcommitteeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The president can wait full 10 days, which makes the bill automatically becomes a law if the Congress is still in session. And the pocket veto, which is when the president can choose not to sign the bill, if the congress adjourns before ten days. 2. Define Federalism. Describe how McCulloch v. Maryland forever broadened national sovereignty. Provide distinct examples of when the national government is sovereign and when the states are sovereign. Federalism is a system of government that allocates the power between the national or federal government and the regional or states government. In 1816, the Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States. In 1819, the state of Maryland decided to collect taxes from all the banks that are not chartered in the state including the Second Bank of the United States, in which James McCulloch, the head cashier of the Baltimore branch refused to pay taxes. After losing the case in the Maryland state court, the US secretary of treasury ordered McCulloch to appeal to the U.S Supreme Court. According to Chief Justice John Marshall, due to the enumerated powers given to the Congress under the Constitution, the Congress have the power to establish a bank and collect duties and taxes. The state of Maryland has violated the supremacy clause due to the law that individual states cannot interfere the national government operations, whose laws are supreme. Under theShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System Across The Country Essay2029 Words à |à 9 PagesThe criminal justice system across the country is designed to punish and strive to rehabilitate those who have committed offenses against the law. Compared to some of the harshest regimes in the world, the United States has a harsh history of mass incarceration. American prisons maintain nearly 25 percent of the worldââ¬â¢s prison population. Of the nearly 2.3 million incarcerated, 1 million are African Americans (NAACP). The poverty-stricken in America, especially those who are persons of color, faceRead MoreIllegal Immigration And The H2a Program1811 Words à |à 8 Pageshas been inherent to the economic system. This was illustrated in The Life of Peasants, one of the provided stimulus materials, in which it was accepted that providing for the upper classes was ââ¬Å"the obligation of the servile classâ⬠. Ergo, the US can trace its history through the various exploited labor systems, starting with our dependance on indentured servants, to slavery, to our current reliance on undocumented workers.Unfortunately, the cultural progress indicated by the advancements of modern lifeRead More Fear of Pregnancy in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay2075 Words à |à 9 Pagesand reproductive capabilities. The story of Frankenstein is the first articulation of a womans experience of pregnancy and related fears. Mary Shelley, in the development and education of the monster, discusses child development and education and how the nurturing of a loving parent is extremely important in the moral development of an individual. Thus, in Frankenstein, Mary Shelley examines her own fears and thoughts about pregnancy, childbirth, and child development. Pregnancy and childbirthRead MoreChange Management Literature2536 Words à |à 10 PagesIntroduction In a fast-moving and unpredictable world, change is an ever-persisting feature of an organisational life and successfully managing this change is crucial for the survival of the organisation. These changes can come in all shapes and sizes, but how organisations deal and approach these changes is what counts towards the success or failure of their company. This can, sometimes, involve with organisations having to move away from their preferred mode of managing change (Bamford and Forrester, 2003)Read MoreCultural Analysis Thailand9709 Words à |à 39 Pagesand welcoming; thus, tourism is one of the primary industries of Thailand. In addition to the tourism industry, Thailand is a leading exporter of rice, rubber and automotive parts. In the global economy, each culture is essential to how the world conducts business. Understanding the Thai culture is vital to the business manager within the Asia Pacific region. Noteworthy managers must be aware of the business surroundings of customers and competitors. Astute business managers respondRead MoreEmerging Trends in Entrepreneurship4541 Words à |à 19 Pagesentrepreneurs from the ranks of employees, business executive, technicians and professionals. Thus was broken the earlier myth that entrepreneurship is an exclusive domain of the socially conservative, traditional trading communities. In fact, in this 1960 study of small entrepreneurs in the then State of Madras, James Bean observed that entrepreneurs could emerge from a wide range of social and economical backgrounds. Contribution of the NEN and other organizations There are various associations, tie-upsRead MoreWomen and Environment4388 Words à |à 18 Pageswomen. Every dawn brings with it a long march in search of fuel, fodderand water. It does not matter if the women are old, young or pregnant: crucial household needs have to be met day after weary day. As ecological conditions worsen, the long march becomes even longer and more tiresome. Caught between poverty and environmental destruction, poor rural women in India could well be reaching the limits of physical endurance. (CSE 1985) In that same year of 1985, the second UN Decade for Women ConferenceRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words à |à 25 PagesA Short History of Nearly Everything is a popular science book by American author Bill Bryson that explains some areas of science, using a style of language which aims to be more accessible to the general public than many other books dedicated to the subject. It was one of the bestselling popular science books of 2005 in the UK, selling over 300,000 copies.[1] instead describing general sciences such as chemistry, paleontology, astronomy, and particle physics. In it, he explores time from theRead MoreA Short History of Nearly Everything6112 Words à |à 25 PagesA Short History of Nearly Everything is a popular science book by American author Bill Bryson that explains some areas of science, using a style of language which aims to be more accessible to the general public than many other books dedicated to the subject. It was one of the bestselling popular science books of 2005 in the UK, selling over 300,000 copies.[1] instead describing general sciences such as chemistry, paleontology, astronomy, and particle physics. In it, he explores time from the BigRead MoreWhat Does Organizational Change Mean?17842 Words à |à 72 PagesAccounting Research, 2001, 12, 403 435 What does organizational change mean? Speculations on a taken for granted category Paolo Quattrone* and Trevor Hopperâ⬠Despite widespread research on why and how organizations change, what constitutes change is often taken for granted. Its definition is avoided. Studies based on individualsââ¬â¢ rational choice imply that change flows from purposive actions in accordance with an objective, external reality whereas contextualism argues that change results from institutional
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Eating Disorders Among Teens Essay - 931 Words
Eating Disorders Among Teens Eating Disorders have become a serious issue in the past twenty-five years. Many people have been diagnosed for having an eating disorder. More teens out of any other age group suffer from it. Sports, peer-pressure, and low self-esteem can cause teens to be driven to eating disorders. Anorexia and Bulimia are the two main types of eating disorders. Anorexia is the self-starving behavior that can lead to severe health problems and even death. Bulimia is when a binge/purge cycle is used or laxatives are used at an excessive amount. Anorexia and bulimia affect a person?s thoughts and feelings as well as his or her body (Erlanger 18). Anorectics starve themselves to lose weight. Experts haveâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Sports are one of the factors that lead to eating disorders. Gymnast and dancers have to maintain a small and skinny frame. Wrestlers also suffer from eating disorders. They try to maintain or loose weight to stay in a weight class. There are many other sports where athletes have eating disorders. Some examples are track, swimming, cross country, youth football and other weight class sports. According to a Sports Illustrated article in January 22 issue, a recent anonymous survey of college Division I athletes was taken. It included 883 males and 562 females, and revealed that fifty-eight percent of the women and thirty-eight percent of the men had eating disorders. ?I think the whole issue of nutrition and eating patterns, it would be fair to say, is a major concern among athletes? stated the NCAA director of sports sciences. Peer pressure also has a major role in teen eating disorders. Today?s society calls for a woman to be real skinny and a man to be thin and strong. Family?s role in the development in eating disorders is a major one. The majority 3 of teenagers with eating disorders come from a middle-class or an upper-class family (Claypool and Nelsen 46). Peers also put a major strain on being thin. Ever teenager wants to fit in the crowd. TheShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders Among Teens And Adolescents1566 Words à |à 7 PagesEating Disorders in Teens In this generation teenagers fight the everyday struggle of wanting to be perfect. Perfection sells in modern society, with perfection being plastered everywhere, people feel the pressure of having to change their appearance. When looking at television and movies women and men see the ideal model of what the world believes they should look like. This long term process of seeing what you are expected to look like can cause emotional and physical problems such as eating disordersRead MoreEating Disorders Among Children And Teens1216 Words à |à 5 PagesEating disorders in children and teens cause serious changes in their health. Eating disorders are characteristics and cause by eating behaviors, also people with this disorder use eating, purging or restructuring with their issues. Eating disorders is divided into three parts as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, compulsive overeating, etc (Eating Disorders,n.d.).Eating disorders can overlap between and alternate of anorexia and bulim ia. Eating disorders around the adolescence, but it can also startRead MoreEating Disorders : A Common Problem Among Many Teens Across The United States1401 Words à |à 6 PagesChianna Porter Eating disorders a common problem among many teens across the United States. This mental disease not only affects young teen girls, but also grown women and men of all ages. There are four different types of eating disorders; bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, binge eating and eating disorders not specified. Eating disorders are developed through a number of different factors. These factors are genetics, psychology, behaviors, social environment and biologically. Genetics means thatRead MoreEating Disorders Destroy Lives Essay777 Words à |à 4 PagesTitle Eating Disorder ââ¬â a combination of 14 letters that has the power to rock the life of the person who has it. Some of the most common eating conditions are anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder. According to the LA Times, ââ¬Å"In 2009 the government published data that showed that kids under 12 were the fastest-growing population of patients hospitalized for eating disorders.â⬠Not only are eating disorders becoming more popular and not in a positive way, but also the teens who have themRead MoreMedia Eating Disorders1607 Words à |à 7 Pagesreview is to describe the main causes of eating disorders among teenagers aged 12 to 18 years old in high schools globally, and to also explain to what extend do some of these causes influence eating disoders. Recent studies have indicated a major increase in the eating disorder habits and body dissatisfaction in adolescence over the past few decades. This crisis seems most prevalent in females`` than males with 20 percent h igh school females exhibiting poor eating habits and about 60 percent undergoneRead MoreWhy Do Teens Suffer From Eating Disorders1596 Words à |à 7 Pages010 October 20, 2015 Why Do Teens Suffer from Eating Disorders: Annotated Bib It is no new discovery that teenagers in America tend to have a conflict with eating disorders. This problematic issue tend to affect many young teens just as the people that surround them, those who care for them. People might stop to think why teens struggle so much with eating disorders or how can this issue be wiped out. The thing is people need to be well aware of eating disorders and there definition and try toRead MorePromotion Of Eating Disorders And Social Medi Research Prospectus1110 Words à |à 5 PagesPromotion of Eating Disorders in Social Media: Research Prospectus Background Eating disorders are defined as any range of psychological disorders, characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. And in todayââ¬â¢s society these disorders are fairly common. Anorexia is a disorder characterized by a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. And bulimia is a disorder involving distortion of body image, and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depressionRead MoreEssay on Photo-shopped Lies1050 Words à |à 5 Pagescelebrities, and models. This affects the way teens see themselves resulting in drastic measures such as eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, and bullying one another for being different. The first case of an eating disorder recognized medically was in 1873 (ââ¬Å"Key Eventsâ⬠). The eating disorder was anorexia nervosa and was associated with oneââ¬â¢s personal physiological factors. In this time period, it was unknown that a lot of cases of eating disorders was not an exclusively a mental illness, but aRead MorePeer Pressure And Media Cause Eating Disorders1743 Words à |à 7 PagesPeer Pressure and Media Cause Eating Disorders A USA Today article reported, ââ¬Å"According to a 2011 study in Archives of General Psychiatry about 6% of youths suffer from eating disorders. The report went on to say the 55% of high school girls and 30% of boys had eating disorder symptoms. They used diet pills, vomiting, laxatives, fasting and binge-eating to help them lose weight (Healy). Going along with the previous statistic, The Random House Dictionary defines peer pressure as a social pressureRead MoreThe Effects of the Media on Todays Youth1204 Words à |à 5 Pageson society, especially its youth. When it comes to peopleââ¬â¢s behavior in society, adolescents usually look to the media for guidance. Teens today today are reliant on the media to tell them what is acceptable and what is not. It tells them how to look, how to act, even what to say. Social media definitely has an impact on the daily life of a teen. Most teens have some way to connect with friends using a social networking site. Young adults, much like the citizens of the distopian society in
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Why Is Media Effects Important Free Essays
16 CHAPTER 1 paradigmâ⬠(Gitlin, 1978), more powerful, yet subtle effects, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the status quo, are unable to be studied; so they are ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions about the existence and substance of media effects, why is it important to continue to study them? Students in introductory mass communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution. Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Media Effects Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1993, the entertainment industry alone (movies, music, cable television, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is also an important political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate scandal, for example, was brought to light by the Washington Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times. Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republicans spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and news program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass mediaââ¬âpress conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses about various issues on Saturday mornings. These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a current presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entertainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news: 70. 3% were regular viewers of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of network television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main reasons for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars acknowledge that mass media effects can occur, we still donââ¬â¢t know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we donââ¬â¢t know how powerful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we donââ¬â¢t know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects. Most importantly, we donââ¬â¢t understand all the processes by which mass communication can lead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A second reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can elaborate the conditions and understand the various processes of media effectsââ¬âhow media effects occurââ¬âwe can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals. Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to promote prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative media effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also understand how to mitigate negative effects. No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. WAYS TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS: DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson Meyer, 1988; Chaffee, 1977; McGuire, 1986; J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, Pan, 1991; J. M. McLeod Reeves, 1980; Roberts Maccoby, 1985). Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect; other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a distinction between acquisition of knowledge about an action and performance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models that see human action as logical and driven by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985). This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, found that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, Sheffield, 1949). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints. Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence: micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been grounded in psychological approaches. So, there is a wealth of research on media effects at the individual, or microlevel. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects. Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect: a widening gap in knowledge between higher and lower SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975). So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects might conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the completeness, accuracy, or objectivity of mediaââ¬â¢s presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980; Herman Chomsky, 1988; Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted. Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintendedââ¬âplanned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences a ccess that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevance of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence. The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and distrusting of others (Gerbner Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to help mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch. If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to reinforce the existing power structure in society by structuring reality for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite different. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings affixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness. Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself. The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nutritional analogy, ââ¬Å"We are what we eatâ⬠: We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch. Or, one way to reduce sexual aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people become politically ââ¬Å"narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. Watching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children are replacing homework and study with television watching (Armstrong Greenberg, 1990; Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1 988) is one writer who has suggested that televisionââ¬â¢s regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans. Scholars (Shannon Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of televisionââ¬â¢s formal features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982). In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncover, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short Term Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes. Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the persistence of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associated voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new information) will change voting intentions? And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could result. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of reinforcement versus change. Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching violent cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into uncaring desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news. And so on. There is evidence, though, that communicationââ¬â¢s strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect mediaââ¬â¢s power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects. Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial messages that have little impact. We must be careful not to equate reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small. Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise; we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectivelyââ¬âto maximize desirable outcomes and minimize negative effects. How to cite Why Is Media Effects Important, Essay examples
Monday, May 4, 2020
Accounting Clerk free essay sample
In large corporations, organizations and governmental agencies, each accounting clerk will take on a more specialized role within the accounting department. For example, an auditing clerk will only be required to handle matters that are relevant to making sure that company records are accurate and compliant with local, state and federal laws. This can contrasted against the duties of a payroll clerk, which would be to deal only with matters relevant to the issuance of employee paychecks and payroll taxation. Each company will differ with regards to the scope of duties that they expect their accounting clerks to perform. However, the trend leans toward generalized duties in smaller companies that have fewer resources and that donââ¬â¢t require a full accounting department, and more focused duties for larger corporations and government agencies that would have more sophisticated accounting needs and greater resources. The specific duties that an accounting clerk is responsible for performing depend largely upon the specific role that the clerk is assigned within a business organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Clerk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some accounting clerks are expected to take on specific duties in payroll, auditing and accounts receivable/payable departments, while others are responsible for general bookkeeping tasks. Those duties include: Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information. à · Check figures, postings, and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy, and proper codes. à · Classify, record, and summarize numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers. Debit, credit, and total accounts on computer spreadsheets and databases, using specialized accounting software. à · Operate 10-key calculators, typewriters, and copy machines to perform calculations and produce documents. à · Receive, record, and bank cash, checks, and vouchers. à · Comply with federal, state, and company policies, procedures, and regulations. à · Compile statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and t ables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses. Code documents according to company procedures. à · Reconcile or note and report discrepancies found in records. Physical activities and requirements of this position include. Finger movements using primarily just the fingers to make small movements such as typing, picking up small objects, or pinching fingers together. Talking especially where one must frequently convey detailed or important instructions or ideas accurately, loudly, or quickly. Average hearing able to hear average or normal conversations and receive ordinary information. Repetitive motions movements frequently and regularly required using the wrists, hands, and/or fingers. Average eyesight ordinary visual ability necessary to prepare or inspect documents or products, or operate machinery. Physical strength includes sitting most of the time, Exerts up to 10 lbs of force occasionally. There are no hazardous or significantly unpleasant working conditions. Accounting clerks are entry-level workers, so they tend to earn less than more advanced accounting professionals. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics includes accounting clerks in the data for bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks. The median annual salary for these clerks in 2010 was $34,030 with the middle 50 percent earning between $27,040 and $42,180, and the top 10 percent in excess of $51,470. However, that these figures are entry-level estimates training and experience can impact earnings considerably. Accounting receivable clerks can become senior clerks, supervisors and, eventually, accounting managers, a position requiring a bachelors degree. Accounting managers earned a notable median salary of $74,775 in 2011 with the top 10 percent earning in excess of $98,627. The outlook for this career should grow by a solid 10 percent between 2008 and 2018. Entry-level clerks require minimal training, but formal education through accounting clerks schools and programs can open the doors to advancement. Most employers require only a high school diploma for new clerks, but prefer those with a two-year accounting-related degree. Those who wish to advance to senior or managerial positions must earn at least a bachelors degree. As modern accounting is increasingly computer-based, more programs than ever offer accounting training online. Online training is a convenient solution if you are a professional already in the field and want to advance your education while working. In conclusion an accounting clerk is a great entry-level job for someone looking to go into accounting and a good career for someone with a lower education. An accounting clerk is a job many can acquire, but if you get a better education are the ones who will get paid the most. While an accounting clerk does not need to be very educated, it is still a very important part of any business.
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