Marks of Maturity Essay

As a member inside my center gathering, my lessons should help every one of them in†¦ The ability of distinguishing the connection among Jesus and the Law, by Applying their hermeneutic aptitudes to precisely decipher Scriptures through basic reasoning. Picking up skill for themselves in giving a guard for why Christ is the Messiah, by Understanding the Great Commission, the Covenants of God, and God’s reason for sending Christ. Settling on a choice for Christ if not yet spared, or affirming explanations behind their confidence, by Taking them to what the Word says about what is solicited from a pupil of Christ, and what is required of a devotee to be spared. Be capable in distinguishing the basics of the Christian confidence, by Demonstrating the ability to finish the inclination test endless supply of the given material for this exercise. Using the abilities to utilize these exercises to anybody they know like loved ones, by Sharing the data in the freebees given during the exercise with friends and family, admit their confidence (NEW BELIEVER’S ) and additionally understanding why it’s significant (EVERYONE), and resolving to satisfy the Great Commission once comprehended, in the network. Upon the fruitful culmination of this course of study, an understudy could be relied upon to settle on a choice for Christ in the event that they had not effectively done as such. Having just done as such notwithstanding, an understudy could be relied upon to reaffirm their choice for an existence with Christ. Every understudy will be given the basics important to basically break down and decipher such religious standards, for example, the Covenants with God, the guarantee of Christ, the Great Commission, and the way to Discipleship. After comprehension of these components one could construct a practicum inside a little gathering to present to the remainder of the class on what five things they would stress in seeing to a relative or companion. I would ask that everybody present a name to me of somebody they realized that was lost profoundly, and that they could genuinely observe themselves having a discussion dependent on the practicum they submitted before introducing. When the exercise is given, and the gatherings share their introduction the gatherings would be separated in gatherings of two. These gatherings would then utilize the practicum to go before one individual for every two man bunch similarly disseminated by their ranges of abilities and observer to my preferred one lost individual. Clarifying every one of the exercise basics with this individual an outline ought to be composed of what was talked about, and the responses for this lost individual. This rundown ought to be brief to not fill over five minutes however thorough enough to give subtleties. Examining the result would be helpful for the class so that if a comparable circumstance showed up for them they would have a general thought how to serve the circumstance. When the discoveries are summed up a concise audit of the exercise will be controlled where the class will be permitted to respond to the survey questions out loud. As I check out the room, recognizing the inquiry to only one understudy will at times be required dependent on my perceptions in theâ last two meetings with them. From here an unobtrusive test dependent on the desires and evidence model will be given, close to 15 inquiries. From that point we will exchange papers with an alternate accomplice and grade the papers discretely. I will stroll around the space to guarantee nobody missed a lot of inquiries, and if so catch up with those people. My email will be given at shutting to give help on anything comparative with training later, and in regards to the exercise challenge, I will give every person as per the level I watched them a test to email me that will relate to the exercises I have given and applying them on the planet.

Derivatives and Alternatives Investment Written Assignment Coursework

Subordinates and Alternatives Investment Written Coursework - Assignment Example The component of financing cost trade is clarified underneath with the assistance of a little model. Let consider to party An and be associated with the intrigue trade for a time of 5 years. The installment made by A will be determined at 6% fixed loan cost where with respect to B the rate is determined at a half year coasting. The chief let us consider as $10 million. Incomes for the above case are portrayed in the chart underneath: Payment toward the finish of half year Period Fixed Rate Payments Floating rate Payment 8 months Libor Net money from A to B 1 300000 337500 - 37500 2 300000 337500 - 37500 3 300000 337500 - 37500 4 300000 325000 - 25000 5 300000 325000 - 25000 6 300000 325000 - 25000 7 300000 312500 - 12500 8 300000 312500 - 12500 9 300000 312500 - 12500 10 300000 325000 - 25000 - 2500000 b. Is supporting this portfolio necessary?â Hedging can be characterized as a procedure which control or diminish the hazard related with any sort of exchange. Supporting should be p ossible contemplating of the market mixture which may show up later on, which is actually inverse to that of the present physical economic situation as far as cost. Supporting the portfolio is a superior choice for the benefit director taking into account since a long time ago run benefit making. At present there are a fixed rate SWAP in the event of EURO market, and drifting loan fee with bank of Ericaca for residency of 1 year. Be that as it may, If the national bank pulls back the help behind the advantage value then there will be an opportunity of a decline in the benefit cost. So to support to contribute for a 1 year term will assist the financial specialist with getting the benefit. We can think about two distinct situations: if the advantage cost goes down in next one year or if the benefit cost goes up in next one year. In the main occurrence, if the benefit cost goes down the estimation of the agreement will diminish, so the advantage the board organization will bring about misfortune in future exchange, yet the buy that he needs to make will pick up benefit for him. Then again on the off chance that the estimation of the advantage increments throughout the year, at that point toward the finish of the term, the benefit administrator will pick up benefit for his future exchange, yet then again to buy the new resource he needs to pay all the more consequently there is a chance of misfortune. So in both the cases there is an opportunity of misfortune which can be overruled by the benefit of long haul agreement or support that the advantage the executives organization have avoid potential risk. c. Is supporting this portfolio essential without IRS? The portfolio would require supporting even without the IRS in view of the German values which has a place with the Euro district and needs supporting. The USD LIBOR loaning is hedgined by the fates contract yet the values require further supporting with the assistance of long haul fates. Reference Corb, H. (20 13), Interest rates Swaps and different Derivatives, Columbia University Press. a) Credit default Swap or CDS can be characterized as an understanding among dealer and the purchaser, in the event of advance default. It is a monetary trade understanding, where the purchaser makes a progression of installment to the dealer and gets the result if the credit gets default. The idea was first designed by Blythe Masters of JP Morgan in the year 1994. As indicated by Schutz (2012), it is a basic protection agreement to support the acknowledge chance related for any sort of credits. It is a sort of subsidiaries, the estimation of which relies upon the chance of an organization defaulting. Schutz in his composing referenced about the presence of two various types of

Professional Experience What is it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Professional Experience What is it COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is true that the Admissions Committee at SIPA does value professional experience when making an admission decision. But what exactly is professional experience? Full-time paid work experience obviously counts, but we also value internships and volunteer work. Younger applicants are particularly curious about the question of professional experience. The average age of a student who enrolled in the two-year, full-time MPA or MIA program at SIPA in the fall of 2008 was 27 years and 2 months. 82% of those admitted were age 25 or older. This means the majority of those admitted have worked full-time for three or more years. The 18% of admitted applicants less than age 25 were able to demonstrate a unique blend of experience and aptitude. Examples of aptitude and experience can include: model U.N. involvement, study abroad, internships, student government involvement, leadership in associations, volunteer work, second language proficiency, focused research as an undergraduate student, exceptional GRE test scores, and coursework related to quantitative methods. Quantitative preparation can include coursework in statistics, economics, and in high level math classes such as linear algebra and calculus. If you are a younger applicant and believe the time is right to apply there is no real downside to going through the process. We allow applicants to apply up to three times to our program. Thus if you do not gain admission, you are always welcome to apply again after obtaining additional experience or strengthening your qualifications. And if you possess a unique blend of experience and aptitude, you might be in the minority of students with little or no work experience who are admitted.

Trace The Path Of How A Bill Becomes A Law Case Study

1. Trace the path of how a bill becomes a law in detail from the beginning to end, explaining every hurdle it might have to overcome along the way. The law-making process starts when a member of Congress introduces a bill, with several other members that sponsors to show support for the proposed bill. As soon as the bill is introduced, the bill is sent to the clerk of the chamber to number the bill: HR 1 for House of Representatives and S 1 for the Senate. Thereafter, the bill is printed and distributed to the appropriate committee/s for the consideration of the bill. The committee refers the bill to its subcommittee, who researches the bill and the chair then decides whether to hold hearings or to deny (kill the bill). The subcommittee†¦show more content†¦The president can wait full 10 days, which makes the bill automatically becomes a law if the Congress is still in session. And the pocket veto, which is when the president can choose not to sign the bill, if the congress adjourns before ten days. 2. Define Federalism. Describe how McCulloch v. Maryland forever broadened national sovereignty. Provide distinct examples of when the national government is sovereign and when the states are sovereign. Federalism is a system of government that allocates the power between the national or federal government and the regional or states government. In 1816, the Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States. In 1819, the state of Maryland decided to collect taxes from all the banks that are not chartered in the state including the Second Bank of the United States, in which James McCulloch, the head cashier of the Baltimore branch refused to pay taxes. After losing the case in the Maryland state court, the US secretary of treasury ordered McCulloch to appeal to the U.S Supreme Court. According to Chief Justice John Marshall, due to the enumerated powers given to the Congress under the Constitution, the Congress have the power to establish a bank and collect duties and taxes. The state of Maryland has violated the supremacy clause due to the law that individual states cannot interfere the national government operations, whose laws are supreme. Under theShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System Across The Country Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe criminal justice system across the country is designed to punish and strive to rehabilitate those who have committed offenses against the law. Compared to some of the harshest regimes in the world, the United States has a harsh history of mass incarceration. American prisons maintain nearly 25 percent of the world’s prison population. Of the nearly 2.3 million incarcerated, 1 million are African Americans (NAACP). 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Eating Disorders Among Teens Essay - 931 Words

Eating Disorders Among Teens Eating Disorders have become a serious issue in the past twenty-five years. Many people have been diagnosed for having an eating disorder. More teens out of any other age group suffer from it. Sports, peer-pressure, and low self-esteem can cause teens to be driven to eating disorders. Anorexia and Bulimia are the two main types of eating disorders. Anorexia is the self-starving behavior that can lead to severe health problems and even death. Bulimia is when a binge/purge cycle is used or laxatives are used at an excessive amount. Anorexia and bulimia affect a person?s thoughts and feelings as well as his or her body (Erlanger 18). Anorectics starve themselves to lose weight. Experts have†¦show more content†¦Sports are one of the factors that lead to eating disorders. Gymnast and dancers have to maintain a small and skinny frame. Wrestlers also suffer from eating disorders. They try to maintain or loose weight to stay in a weight class. There are many other sports where athletes have eating disorders. Some examples are track, swimming, cross country, youth football and other weight class sports. According to a Sports Illustrated article in January 22 issue, a recent anonymous survey of college Division I athletes was taken. It included 883 males and 562 females, and revealed that fifty-eight percent of the women and thirty-eight percent of the men had eating disorders. ?I think the whole issue of nutrition and eating patterns, it would be fair to say, is a major concern among athletes? stated the NCAA director of sports sciences. Peer pressure also has a major role in teen eating disorders. Today?s society calls for a woman to be real skinny and a man to be thin and strong. Family?s role in the development in eating disorders is a major one. The majority 3 of teenagers with eating disorders come from a middle-class or an upper-class family (Claypool and Nelsen 46). Peers also put a major strain on being thin. 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The thing is people need to be well aware of eating disorders and there definition and try toRead MorePromotion Of Eating Disorders And Social Medi Research Prospectus1110 Words   |  5 PagesPromotion of Eating Disorders in Social Media: Research Prospectus Background Eating disorders are defined as any range of psychological disorders, characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. And in today’s society these disorders are fairly common. Anorexia is a disorder characterized by a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat. And bulimia is a disorder involving distortion of body image, and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depressionRead MoreEssay on Photo-shopped Lies1050 Words   |  5 Pagescelebrities, and models. This affects the way teens see themselves resulting in drastic measures such as eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, and bullying one another for being different. 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Why Is Media Effects Important Free Essays

16 CHAPTER 1 paradigm† (Gitlin, 1978), more powerful, yet subtle effects, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the status quo, are unable to be studied; so they are ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions about the existence and substance of media effects, why is it important to continue to study them? Students in introductory mass communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution. Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Media Effects Important or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1993, the entertainment industry alone (movies, music, cable television, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is also an important political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate scandal, for example, was brought to light by the Washington Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times. Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republicans spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and news program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass media—press conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses about various issues on Saturday mornings. These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a current presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entertainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news: 70. 3% were regular viewers of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of network television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main reasons for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars acknowledge that mass media effects can occur, we still don’t know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we don’t know how powerful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we don’t know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects. Most importantly, we don’t understand all the processes by which mass communication can lead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A second reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can elaborate the conditions and understand the various processes of media effects—how media effects occur—we can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals. Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to promote prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative media effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also understand how to mitigate negative effects. No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. WAYS TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS: DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson Meyer, 1988; Chaffee, 1977; McGuire, 1986; J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, Pan, 1991; J. M. McLeod Reeves, 1980; Roberts Maccoby, 1985). Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect; other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a distinction between acquisition of knowledge about an action and performance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models that see human action as logical and driven by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985). This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, found that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, Sheffield, 1949). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints. Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence: micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been grounded in psychological approaches. So, there is a wealth of research on media effects at the individual, or microlevel. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects. Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect: a widening gap in knowledge between higher and lower SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975). So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects might conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the completeness, accuracy, or objectivity of media’s presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980; Herman Chomsky, 1988; Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted. Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintended—planned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences a ccess that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevance of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence. The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and distrusting of others (Gerbner Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to help mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch. If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to reinforce the existing power structure in society by structuring reality for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite different. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings affixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness. Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself. The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nutritional analogy, â€Å"We are what we eat†: We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch. Or, one way to reduce sexual aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people become politically â€Å"narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. Watching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children are replacing homework and study with television watching (Armstrong Greenberg, 1990; Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1 988) is one writer who has suggested that television’s regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans. Scholars (Shannon Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of television’s formal features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982). In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncover, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short Term Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes. Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the persistence of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associated voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new information) will change voting intentions? And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could result. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of reinforcement versus change. Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching violent cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into uncaring desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news. And so on. There is evidence, though, that communication’s strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect media’s power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects. Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial messages that have little impact. We must be careful not to equate reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small. Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise; we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectively—to maximize desirable outcomes and minimize negative effects. How to cite Why Is Media Effects Important, Essay examples

Accounting Clerk free essay sample

In large corporations, organizations and governmental agencies, each accounting clerk will take on a more specialized role within the accounting department. For example, an auditing clerk will only be required to handle matters that are relevant to making sure that company records are accurate and compliant with local, state and federal laws. This can contrasted against the duties of a payroll clerk, which would be to deal only with matters relevant to the issuance of employee paychecks and payroll taxation. Each company will differ with regards to the scope of duties that they expect their accounting clerks to perform. However, the trend leans toward generalized duties in smaller companies that have fewer resources and that don’t require a full accounting department, and more focused duties for larger corporations and government agencies that would have more sophisticated accounting needs and greater resources. The specific duties that an accounting clerk is responsible for performing depend largely upon the specific role that the clerk is assigned within a business organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Clerk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some accounting clerks are expected to take on specific duties in payroll, auditing and accounts receivable/payable departments, while others are responsible for general bookkeeping tasks. Those duties include: Operate computers programmed with accounting software to record, store, and analyze information. Â · Check figures, postings, and documents for correct entry, mathematical accuracy, and proper codes. Â · Classify, record, and summarize numerical and financial data to compile and keep financial records, using journals and ledgers or computers. Debit, credit, and total accounts on computer spreadsheets and databases, using specialized accounting software. Â · Operate 10-key calculators, typewriters, and copy machines to perform calculations and produce documents. Â · Receive, record, and bank cash, checks, and vouchers. Â · Comply with federal, state, and company policies, procedures, and regulations. Â · Compile statistical, financial, accounting or auditing reports and t ables pertaining to such matters as cash receipts, expenditures, accounts payable and receivable, and profits and losses. Code documents according to company procedures. Â · Reconcile or note and report discrepancies found in records. Physical activities and requirements of this position include. Finger movements using primarily just the fingers to make small movements such as typing, picking up small objects, or pinching fingers together. Talking especially where one must frequently convey detailed or important instructions or ideas accurately, loudly, or quickly. Average hearing able to hear average or normal conversations and receive ordinary information. Repetitive motions movements frequently and regularly required using the wrists, hands, and/or fingers. Average eyesight ordinary visual ability necessary to prepare or inspect documents or products, or operate machinery. Physical strength includes sitting most of the time, Exerts up to 10 lbs of force occasionally. There are no hazardous or significantly unpleasant working conditions. Accounting clerks are entry-level workers, so they tend to earn less than more advanced accounting professionals. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics includes accounting clerks in the data for bookkeeping, accounting and auditing clerks. The median annual salary for these clerks in 2010 was $34,030 with the middle 50 percent earning between $27,040 and $42,180, and the top 10 percent in excess of $51,470. However, that these figures are entry-level estimates training and experience can impact earnings considerably. Accounting receivable clerks can become senior clerks, supervisors and, eventually, accounting managers, a position requiring a bachelors degree. Accounting managers earned a notable median salary of $74,775 in 2011 with the top 10 percent earning in excess of $98,627. The outlook for this career should grow by a solid 10 percent between 2008 and 2018. Entry-level clerks require minimal training, but formal education through accounting clerks schools and programs can open the doors to advancement. Most employers require only a high school diploma for new clerks, but prefer those with a two-year accounting-related degree. Those who wish to advance to senior or managerial positions must earn at least a bachelors degree. As modern accounting is increasingly computer-based, more programs than ever offer accounting training online. Online training is a convenient solution if you are a professional already in the field and want to advance your education while working. In conclusion an accounting clerk is a great entry-level job for someone looking to go into accounting and a good career for someone with a lower education. An accounting clerk is a job many can acquire, but if you get a better education are the ones who will get paid the most. While an accounting clerk does not need to be very educated, it is still a very important part of any business.

Issues Concerning Domestic Violence Essay Example

Issues Concerning Domestic Violence Paper One of the most complicated issues facing most health care professionals and governmental agencies today is that of domestic violence. Domestic violence encompasses any violence that is inflicted upon one family member by another family member. Thus, domestic violence can be described as spouse abuse, child abuse, sibling abuse, or elder abuse. Most authorities suggest that domestic violence is typically expressed in violence against women and children. Such acts of violence can involve health care professionals in the treatment of physical injuries, the psychological impact upon the victim, or the aggressive behavior of the abuser. Often governmental agencies are called upon to investigate such matters to ensure the safety of the victims or to determine appropriate punishment for the offender. However, given the importance of the bonds and rights of the family that our culture maintains, it is difficult to determine when the situation at home â€Å"is no one’s business† and when it merits intervention from outside parties in order to protect the welfare of those involved. Despite these difficulties and complexities, domestic violence is considered to be a worldwide health problem necessitating urgent intervention. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Concerning Domestic Violence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Physical abuse takes many forms including hitting, punching, pulling hair, slapping, grabbing, biting, kicking, breaking bones, bruising, burning, twisting arms, throwing victims against walls and furniture, throwing objects and using weapons. It also includes damaging household goods, killing pets, and denial of human needs, like sleep and nutrition. Assault can be of a life-threatening nature resulting in broken bones, miscarriages and other serious injuries. A substantial proportion of victims are threatened or assaulted with weapons such as knives, firearms and axes. Physical violence can result in murder and often leads to serious physical injury. The injuries are not always obvious as abusers often make sure the signs of their attacks are hidden under clothing. For many women there is a real and constant threat of death because of the seriousness of the abuse. Sexual abuse in the home is domestic violence. Sexual intercourse without consent is sexual assault. Sexual assault may or may not involve physical force. Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual contact. Many men still believe that they have the right to unlimited sexual access to their wives. Verbal abuse consists of derogatory comments, insults and constant put-downs. Lack of physical attractiveness, inferiority, inability to cope and succeed on her own and being told that she is not a good mother/wife/housekeeper. Over time this constant humiliation will destroy a womens belief in herself and severely affect her self-esteem. She begins to take on the abusive descriptions as if they are real and therefore may start to believe that shes worthless, that the violence is her fault. It must be kept in mind that responsibility for the violence lies solely with the perpetrator, not the victim. Threats are very common form of verbal abuse, aimed at terrorizing the woman to such and extent that the abuser is in total control. Threats by a man to kill a woman if she leaves him are often reported by victims of domestic violence. Emotional abuse closely linked to verbal abuse, these behaviors are also aimed at terrorizing the victim and stripping her of her self-confidence. Behaviors include destroying household/personal property deliberately hurting/injuring/killing domestic pets, deprivation of essential personal needs such as food, sleep, sanitary items ect. The power which they give in order to manipulate and intimidate the other partner. A range of behavior is involved, including verbal abuse intended to destroy the other persons self-esteem. For example, a perpetrators behavior may lead to his partner to believe she is insane, stupid or useless. The effect is often cumulative, occurring over a long period of time with damaging consequences for the abused persons sense of self. Spiritual abuse describes the damage violence does to the spirit of those who have been abused. For some women this cannot be equated with psychological or emotional abuse. spiritual violence is deeper than an individuals experience of betrayal: it involves the shame experienced when everyone in the community is aware of the violence, and when they too are implicated as victims of the violence. Victimization may be based on race, color, or other forms of identification with that community , and it includes the abuse suffered from a history of genocide or persecution. Economic abuse this occurs where the man has total control over all financial resources. For example, he may forbid the woman to work or if she does he may insist that she hands over her pay check to him unopened. She may have to beg for money to buy necessities and when it is given it may often be insufficient. She is then criticized for being stupid or incompetent in failing to provide adequately with this sum. Social abuse includes delivering verbal abuse in front of other people, such as put-down, jokes, criticisms about the womans weight, appearance, sexuality, intelligence ect. Controlling behaviors such as following her to work, controlling access to friends, constant phone calls at work or accusations of imagined affairs ect. Isolating a woman by denigrating her friends and family, thus leading her to cut herself off because she fears enraging her husband, locking the women in or out of the house, cutting off the telephone, never letting her use the car ect. Social abuse is the constant monitoring and control of a womens activities, outings, and friendships. She may be forced to account herself for her every movement, and my be denied the right to leave the home and see her friends. The result for the abused woman can be public humiliation and isolation from friends and other members of her family. For centuries, the abuse of wives by their husbands has been tolerated by most societies. In some cultures, it was considered to be a part of married life, a method of acceptable control. Since men were paid through dowries to take care of wives, the notion was that wives were considered property in much the same way that children were viewed. Consequently, authorities often believe that it is inappropriate to interfere in the relationship between a man and his wife or children. â€Å"There seems to be an implicit, taken-for-granted cultural norm which makes it legitimate for family members to hit each other. In respect to husbands and wives, in effect, this means that the marriage license is also a hitting license†. Actually, there is no equality with regard to husbands and wives hitting one another. Additionally, Congress and state legislatures have passed laws that have aided in the protection of victims of domestic violence and the prosecution of offenders. For example,the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was passed by Congress in 1974 to help states and communities organize programs for parents who abuse their children. Also in 1974, the National Institute of Mental Health established a national center in Denver to study the problem more thoroughly and set up a national commission to resolve the complicated legal problems and recommend changes in federal and state laws involving child abuse. Grant programs have also been funded to identify the causes of child abuse and provide treatment through self-help programs and lay therapy. Increasingly, states are requiring social workers and psychologists to report all cases of known or suspected child abuse to child protection authorities in their communities. The Cycle of Domestic Violence shows how domestic violence often becomes a pattern comprised of three stages. The phases vary in time and in severity between couples, and even at different times within the same relationship. It is, then, difficult to predict how long a couple will remain in one phase or to determine the length of an individual couple’s cycle. Phase 1 is the Tension-Building Phase, which constitutes criticism, yelling, swearing, and using angry gestures, coercion, and/or threats. Phase 2 is the Violence Phase, which is characterized by physical and sexual attacks and threats. Phase 3 is the Seduction Phase that is portrayed with apologies, blaming, promises to change, and gifts. It also explains how three dynamics — (1) love, (2) hope, and (3) fear keep the cycle in motion and make it difficult to end a violent relationship. For the sake of illustration, (1) Love for one’s partner: ‘the relationship has it’s good points, it’s not all bad†. (2) Hope that it will change: ‘the relationship didn’t begin like this’. (3) Fear that the threats to kill you or your family will become a reality. The Cycle Of Violence PHASE 1: TENSION BUILDING Poor communication / series of minor incidents / decreased control Compliant / good behavior/ experiences/ increased tension/ minimizes problems/ increases threats/ denies anger/ takes more control/ withdraws/ controls more/ tension intolerable PHASE 2: ACUTE BATTERING Increased stress and injury/ loss of control Unpredictable, claims loss of control / is helpless, feels trapped / highly abusive/ traumatized PHASE 3: KINDNESS AND LOVING BEHAVIOR Tension drops / Renewed love / Increased Tension Often apologetic, attentive / mixed feelings / is manipulative / feels guilty and responsible / promises changes / considers reconciliation After the abuser has gone through all of the phases, it starts over again with phase one and continues until the victim either gets help or is killed. So, why, why would a person who is loved, want to abuse their spouse or girlfriend? One of the key responses . . . Jealousy. The husband may become very suspicious, afraid of losing his wife. The abuser sees his wife or girlfriend as a possession. The only way, they think, to relieve this built up anger is aggression. To improve their self-esteem, they abuse the victim physically, emotionally, and sometimes, sexually. Another key factor in wife abuse is alcohol. When the man is stressed, he turns to alcohol to relieve it. Little does he know, that the alcohol makes him more irritable. Research shows that men who abuse their wives, often saw their own mother abused. Do to witnessing this, the children of battered families usually grow up to have low self-esteem and believe that hitting is right. Women who are in abusive relationships find it very difficult to leave. Not only are they afraid for their own lives, but sometimes, if children are involved, the offender threatens the lives of the children. One woman told a psychologist, He promises anything you want to hear. He promises that he will do anything, lots of tears, and Oh, Im so sorry, and I love these children, I would never do it again. You want to believe that its just a mistake, but its not a mistake,. Many women are threatened by their husband or boyfriend that if they try to leave theyll be hurt worse than ever before or even killed. 68% fear that their lives will be taken by the abuser, 71% of abused women believe that they are still in love with their husband or boyfriend, and 66% believe that they need a man to have a successful and happy life. After repeated abuse many of the abusers try to convince the victims that theyll change and that it will never happen again. Researchers stress the point, Once an Abuser always an Abuser,. Statistics regarding spouse abuse in the United States frequently cited are estimates at best. Many wives are fearful of retaliation by their husbands and are, therefore, reluctant to report the abuse. Some fail to report it because they are ashamed or feel that it is no one’s business. Unfortunately, many times only when the abuse is so severe that the woman requires medical intervention are reports made to law enforcement agencies. In any case, the Justice Department estimates that more than two million women each year are abused by their husbands in domestic violence incidents. Almost four thousand women are brutally beaten to death by their husbands each year. One-fourth of all female suicides are committed by women who have a history of being beaten by significant men in their lives. Many women do not leave the homes in which they are being abused for an assortment of reasons. The homes involved in domestic violence are complicated, with dysfunctional relationships and unhealthy dynamics. The abusive partner tends to display more than physical violence. He also inflicts emotional abuse that often shatters the self-esteem and independent thinking of the victim In other words, there is â€Å"a complicated and cumulative cycle of tension, belittlement, violence, remorse, and reconciliation that can lead to a paralysis of will and extinction of self-respect†. Child Abuse So, if youre in an abusive relationship what is the best way to get out and stop the battering? After notorious acts of abuse, usually, the woman will finally realize that the situation will never get better. Basically there are three basic reasons why women leave a violent relationship: 1. Knowledge that help is available. 2. Impact on the children. Living in a violent home where the batterer abuses the children physically, mentally, or sexually may give the woman the courage to leave. 3. Reaching the limit of violence she will tolerate (Berger, 1990, pg. 48). First, Knowledge that help is available, there are many groups and organizations helping people deal with domestic violence and child abuse. For example, the National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, offers information on domestic violence. You can reach them at 1-800-537-2238. If your town or city doesnt have any organization for the victims of domestic violence, you should definitely look into starting some kind of way to help these people. The main thing is not to suffer in silenceto reach out for help. Domestic violence is a serious dilemma in today’s society. The only answer toward preventing domestic violence should start when we raise our children. Violence is a learned behavior. When children get hit, they learn something in that process. They ascertain that when frustrated or angry, it is OK to take out that frustration and anger on someone else. They learn that violence is OK. Violence then becomes a learned behavior. The only way to promote a non-violent society is to teach children non-violent habits. TEEN DATING VIOLENCE FACTS MYTHS Myth: It cant happen to me Fact: More than 1 in 10 teenagers experience physical violence in their relationships Myth: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign of true love Fact: Jealousy and possessiveness are a sign that the person sees you as a possession. It is the most common early warning sign of abuse. Myth: Teen dating violence isnt really that serious. Fact: Thirty percent of all women who are murdered in this country are killed by their husband or boyfriend. According to a Massachusetts study, that same high percentage applied to teen woman, aged 15-19, as well. Also, 60% of all rapes reported to rape crisis centers are committed by acquaintances, and the majority of victims are aged 16-24. Myth: Men are battered by women just as often as women are battered by men. Fact: The U. S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that 95% of the reported incidents of assaults in relationships are committed by males. Myth: Alcohol causes a man to batter Fact: Many men who batter do not drink heavily , and many alcoholics do not beat their partners. Further, batterers who do drink dont necessarily give up battering when they give up drinking. While they are drunk, the alcohol acts as their excuse. Myth: Victims bring on the abuse themselves. They ask for it Fact: Perpetrators believe they have the right to use abuse to control their partner, and they see the victim as less than equal to themselves. The victim has no control over the abuser. Myth: If a person stays in an abusive relationship, it must not really be that bad. Fact: People stay in abusive relationships for a number of reasons: fear, economic dependence, confusion, loss of self-confidence, not recognizing that whats happening is abusive, belief that the abuser needs their help or will change. Myth: Most batterers are bums or crazy people. Fact: Batterers are found in all classes and types of people: rich, poor, professional, unemployed, black, white, urban, and rural. Bibliography : http://www. ncpc. org/3vio3dc. htm http://www. 911rape. org/facts/index. html

SWOT and Accounting Analysis of ASDA The WritePass Journal

SWOT and Accounting Analysis of ASDA Introduction SWOT and Accounting Analysis of ASDA IntroductionBACKGROUND   OF ASDAProduct of ASDAProcessPoliciesManagement Accounting Techniques:Methods and techniquesActivity based costingBudgetingPeriodic budget:Continuous or rolling budget:Job Ordering CostingRecommendations for ASDA (Budgeting):-Activity based costing (ABC)SWOT analysis:-References:Related Introduction BACKGROUND   OF ASDA ASDA stores limited was founded as Associated Dairies and Farms Limited in 1949 and it is basically an abbreviation of Asquith and Dairies (ASDA). In 1965 ASDA gets merged with the Asquith chain of three supermarket and Associated Dairies. ASDA introduced his first concept of the superstore in 1965. In the mid of 1980s ASDA started to expand his warehouse stores to face the fresh food selection sets by its competitors. In the late 1990s the ASDA had its 220 superstores in Britain which helps ASDA to become famous and popular. The basic origin of the ASDA is that they was formed by the English dairy farmers to protect themselves from the falling milk prices after first world war. After First World War when the price of milk gets in control a dairy farmer from Yorkshire named J.W.Hindell made Hindell Dairy Farmers Limited which deals in both wholesale and retail outlet of milk. In March 1949 it becomes a public company as Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Limited. It  Ã‚   includes some 26 farms, three dairies, two bakeries, 42 retail shops, and pork-butchering facilities (referenceforbusiness.com). Product of ASDA ASDA stores deals in almost every product which comes under the daily life. The products of ASDA are highly trusted in quality. ASDA sells food item which includes milk, fruit, vegetables, meat, frozen foods juice, music cds , pharmacy and drinks. The quality of their products are the best in the entire market of UK. ASDA has also included the electronic product like laptop, music player, mobile phones and other electronic gadgets. They also sell the jewellery item. Its product is available in low price from the market which makes ASDA leading grocery store globally.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competitors ASDA has many competitors in the market such as Tesco, Safeway and Sainsbury are the main competitors of ASDA. ASDA has still maintained its status in the market by maintaining the quality of the product and the lowest price which makes ASDA on the top list of the UK market. They maintain their status so well that they didn’t change their products quality. They believe in giving 100 % customer satisfaction and they even don’t take it lightly. Process ASDA only deals in supermarket not in manufacturing of products. The company buy the product from the farmers directly and sells those products in its stores by maintaining it quality. The customer selected the product which are placed in the food stalls, and take those products to the cash counter for the payment. If the customer is not satisfied in the product he can replace it at the same store. ASDA not only deals with food items they sell textiles, from where they earn majority of their revenue, they basically out sourced their textile products from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. ASDA also do produce their own valued item in foods and confectionary. Policies ASDA Company had policies which follows the law and regulations. There laws and regulations are very strict in the terms of quality of their product. If the customer is not happy and satisfied with any product which they brought from  ASDA  like home and leisure, grocery, fresh or frozen items they can return the product and they will offer a full refund or replacement of their product. The receipt or proof of purchase is preferred but not essential in ASDA stores. There are some more rules and regulation applied for their different products like Electrical products, entertainments items (music, Films and games), fashion items range and in pharmacy also. If   the customer is not happy with these items they have to returned these items in 20 days from the date of purchase (your.asda.com). Management Accounting Techniques: Methods and techniques There are many methods and techniques in which we understand the management accounting some of them are as follows. Activity based costing Activity based costing is basically used for measuring activities and cost of consuming resources. Activity base costing is an activity which is generally based in the capacity of the manufacture. It is used to calculate the unit price of the product, costing of activities in the terms of variable and fixed cost. ASDA is good in calculating its Activity based costing which helps in calculating cost at each activity such as supply chain cost, ware house cost etc which ultimately helps in minimizing cost at each activity and helps in maintaining overall cost. Budgeting Budgeting is very important technique which organizations adopt for their management accounting, whether it is small or big orgainzation in terms of planning, coordination, motivation, coordination, control, communication and in performance evaluation. It helps organization in order to control its expenses and cost. It is very helpful for the company to make a rough comparison between the income and expenditure of company on monthly basis. For the budgeting manufacture of the ASDA they include production, administration and sales budgeting.   Budgeting is prepared into two ways (David Hobbs; Management Accounting). Periodic budgets Continuous or rolling budgets Periodic budget: Periodic budget are those which are made for period of time, that period can be of one year, or either for quarters, it depends how big the organization is and how vulnerable its sales figures over the year. Continuous or rolling budget: Continuous or rolling budgets are those budgets in which there is master budget, which is usually for an year, and after each quarter or four months the the budget for next quarter is added into master budget (David Hobbs; Management Accounting). As far as ASDA is concerned ASDA adopts the continuous or rolling budget, where they maintain the master budget for an year and in order to be competitive with other major competitors rolling budget should be revolved around their master budgets which helps in maintaining the plans according to change . Job Ordering Costing Job ordering costing method is basically the production in each time period. It is calculated by dividing the number of units in job by the total cost of job. ASDA is a big organization where job ordering costing doesn’t applies as much they are basically supplying products in large quantity. Recommendations for ASDA (Budgeting):- ASDA adopts the budgeting technique which is explained above their major focus is on the rolling budgeting, which helps in estimating cost for each quarter. Budgeting is that one tool which makes relevant information and estimation about each department. It also creates a motivational factor among all the stake holders. Budgeting has internal and external influence on growth of an organization and it helps in overviewing their plan to grow in international market such as in south Asian countries (Pakistan or India). Rolling budgets are helpful in analysing financial control decision and helps in estimating overall cost for the whole year which can be changed according to sales figures of last quarter. Job ordering is the least demandable for the ASDA because allocation of prices to each single thing is difficult such as overhead costs, direct costs. According to the ASDA continuous growth showing to us that job ordering costing system is excellently managed by ASDA. Activity based costing (ABC) Activity based costing is a useful technique which is used to allocate cost according to product and services which helps in planning and monitoring. ASDA should follow (ABC) because it is a new system for allocating prices to products and services. The usual accounting system is now obsolete and nowadays ABC is now mostly adopted as it has good control over pricing and costing. Capital investment decision is also least concerned for ASDA because in its financial planning it is already settled and as a proof of the ASDA’s balance sheet is showing a continuous growth since last 3 years. ASDA has over all managed its budget quite well, because its continuous expansion and growing showed the credibility of the budgeting system. Budget is the key element for ASDA to manage its global operations. SWOT analysis:- SWOT analysis is used for identifying potential strengths and weakness for organization. SWOT analysis which is done accordingly. This report is overall based on the personal reflection which I obtained from data related to ASDA which was easily accessible to be. This report doesnt only deal with fact and figures related to ASDA but give the recommendation relating ASDA management accounting technique. The major focus is on the budgeting technique that how ASDA is implementing budgeting technique to it its company and explains why rolling budgeting concept is applicable to ASDA and why it is the point of focus. The other major technique which was considered for management accounting of ASDA is Activity based costing and how it helps an organization to maintain its costing. It also do explains why Job order costing is not applicable to ASDA. The weakness which one might think about this analysis is the resources were quite limited and all consideration was made on personal obseravation and knowledge which I posses. The job order costing could be implemented but as my scope was limited so, I didn’t able to job order costing and its also not applicable for big company like ASDA. References: History of ASDA group plc; Reference for Business,   referenceforbusiness.com/history2/77/ASDA-Group-plc.html   [Accessed on 26th May, 2011] Exchange and Refunds; Your ASDA, http://your.asda.com/2010/7/7/exchanges-and-refunds [Accessed on 26th May, 2011] ASDA Direct; asda.com/ [Accessed on 26th May, 2011] David Hobbs Hugh Coombs; Management accounting: principles and application (book), 2005 SAGE Publications Limited [Accessed on 25th May, 2011] Peter Atrill Eddie McLaney; Management Accounting: An active learning approach, Blackwell Publishing 1994 [Accessed on 25th May, 2011] ASDA History; nowthen.org/asdas-history [Accessed on 25th May, 20

Causal Argument Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causal Argument Paper - Essay Example The deaths have dropped by 1.8 percent in men and 1.6 percent in women each year. Several causes are attributed to the decrease in the rate of cancer in the United States of America. In this paper, I discuss three causes that have led to the decrease of cancer rates in U.S., which include life changes, change in diagnostic and treatment related aspects and sensitization and awareness programs. The most notable cause of decrease in the number of cancer related illnesses in the U.S is the change in lifestyle of Americans. Today, cancer has been attributed to unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise, more consumption of alcohol and smoking. The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) asserts that about 300 people out of 100,000 people in America develop cancer each year. (American Cancer Society 3) This means that the U.S ranks as the seventh country with the highest number of cancer diseases in the whole world. These numbers were compiled using the World Health Organization†™s estimates. AICR also indicates that the U.S is the tenth country in terms of cancers in men and eighth in terms of cancers in women. Because of the realization of the fact that cancers occur because of the lifestyle people lead, many have decided to change their lifestyles. MedicineNet states, â€Å"Behavioral, lifestyle, and environmental factors contribute to cancer. Cancer prevention involves modifying these factors to decrease cancer risk† (MedicineNet). Many people in the U.S check into fitness facilities or have fitness equipment in their houses that they use to exercise in the morning or evening, or at their appropriate time. Others choose to run distances in order to keep fit. In addition, it has been reported that the smoking rate among Americans has dropped significantly. In addition to this, most people have started eating healthily for instance by consuming less red meat and more whole grains and vegetables that are high in fiber content that helps in keeping a healthy weight. Consuming more fruits and nuts as well as fish and moderation of alcohol consumption has contributed to the reduction in the rates of cancer in the U.S. All these issues are considered as a manifestation of lifestyle change by Americans and have helped in the decrease of cancer cases. However, this is not to say that all people have changed their lifestyles, but the majority who have, experience less risks (MedicineNet). The second cause of the reduction in the rate of cancer cases in the U.S is the change in diagnostic and treatment related issues. This cause is especially tied to certain types of cancers such as breast cancer. It is noteworthy to indicate that breast cancer has been the leading cause of deaths in women, in the United States, in terms of the deaths caused by cancer. The high cases of breast cancer especially in European countries have been attributed to the high prevalence of reproductive factors that are linked to early menarche, late child bear ing, and use of menopausal hormone therapy, fewer pregnancies and increased screening through mammography. However, DeSantis states, â€Å"Breast cancer incidence rates in the United States have decreased since the early 2000s largely due to reduction in the use of menopausal hormone therapy† (Jemal and DeSantis. 1896). Other factors include reduction in the use of mammography and the decrease in the number of preclinical cases found

How effectively does Congress use its powers over foreign policy Essay

How effectively does Congress use its powers over foreign policy - Essay Example The inaction is due to change in the working culture of Congress where there is no strong verification and deliberation of policies. The authority to implement legislative power is not being fully utilised to make effective decisions. The Iraq War is considered as a slip because the Congress could not access relevant information on time. The Congress can boast of a glorious past when it could take action against the Vietnam war in association with the judiciary and the media. There are opportunities when the Congress can regain its stance to keep a check on foreign policies and reinstate its power as the legislative authority of the United States. One of the main powers of the Congress is oversight. The objective of Congressional oversight is to restrict the happening of mistakes or to contain events from becoming out of control. It is also to make sure that the legislations passed by the Congress are faithfully executed. The Congress verifies military decisions and maintains diplomacy in its activities. The power of the Congress includes the formulation of lessons from past catastrophes to avoid the recurrence of such events. A good congressional oversight reduces waste, keeps policymakers on toes, punishes scandal or fraud, scrutinises an agency or departments, its personnel and the implements longstanding foreign policies. The investigation of probable scandals usually turns out to be an exercise that moves from significant policy issues to a matter of publicity (Ornstein, N.J. & Mann,T.E. 2006 p.67). Tough congressional oversight is a contentious and messy process irrespective of who controls the Congress and the White Ho use. However, the process prevents errors from transforming into disasters and enables the administration to be more sensitive in their inactions and actions. From the year 2000 – 2006, congressional oversight of executives has

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay I am a student of the HNC in Social Care and I work with an organisation that promotes social inclusion of Adults with Learning Disabilities with social support through group work and one to one befriending. Throughout this paper I shall also refer to our service participant as Dan and our service as the Group. This is not the real name of our client or our group. By doing this I am complying with our organisations policy of confidentiality. This policy was designed to conform to the (ref 1) Data Protection Act of 1998. This Act ensures client confidentiality, that any information written about a client is accurate, truthful and any opinions are objective, substantiated by factual evidence. The Act also allows the individual to make a formal application to see the information held on them by the Group. To complete this piece of work I have assessed Dan`s needs and planned out a piece of work which has addressed an identified need. I read his existing activity plan as a starting point as it had his medical information included, this allowed me to update the information at Dan`s assessment. This first assessment had been done by my manager a few months ago and so I discussed Dan`s case with her before I met with him. Our activity plans are flexible allowing for the changing needs of our clients. The task undertaken also complied with our organisations constitution which concentrates on social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities. The assessment of needs is the first stage in the care planning process. Our organisation takes a person centred planning approach. A person centred care plan is devised to empower people, to support their social inclusion, and to ensure people are not devalued within society. It was necessary for me to listen to what my client needed, to differentiate his needs from his wants and to ensure that I could take action to deliver a positive outcome. A need is something he has to have as opposed to a want which is something he would like to have. Assessing a person for needs is the method of collecting information, recording the information and interpreting the information. The assessment took place at our office just after his one to one art session as he was comfortable and felt safe here. Under (Ref 2) the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 Dan has a right to feel safe and secure. I did a Risk Assessment of our areas which complied with the (Ref 3)Health and Safety at work Act 1974. It was important for me to continue gaining his trust and use good communication skills. I used the SOLER technique which had us both sitting squarely facing one another showing that I was being involved, I had an open posture implying that I was non defensive, I leaned forward slightly showing a personal interest, I had regular eye contact also conveying an interest in Dan and I had a relaxed manner. I used active listening which involved me trying to understand the real issues affecting Dan and had a meaningful conversation with him. Our meeting was timed to last no longer than twenty minutes as his attention span can be short if he is bored. I ensured that board maker signs and visual aids where available, to direct his attention if he did get bored. I used both open and closed questions which allowed me to get factual answers from the closed questions and his opinions and feelings from open questions. I observed his behaviour at all times and I spoke to him in a way he understood. I wrote the information collected in a concise manner in the form stated in our organisations policy and procedures. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an assessment of needs and an individualised care plan, the form I used was called the Activity Plan. The Care commission was set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. During our meeting I was conscious that I had to explain the care planning process to Dan, and I used the visual aids when necessary. Dan was born in 1949 into a society that had introduced the IQ test in 1930, whereby those scoring low had been considered mentally defective. By 1946 and the introduction of the NHS, this term was changed to mentally handicapped and so required treatment in institutions. Dan was considered as being in this category. There is no generally acknowledged definition of a learning disability and there is a continued argument of the definition. However, there are certain features that are agreed upon. Those with a learning disability have difficulties with educational success and growth. An uneven pattern of their human development is noticeable i.e. physical, perceptual, educational and language developments..(Ref 4) The (Ref5)NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 implemented in 1993 and (Ref6)the Human Rights Act of 1998., saw the closure of these institutions. This saw the movement of adults with learning disabilities out of institutions into being cared for in the community, either by their own families or in small supported housing being cared for by the voluntary sector. The Same as You strategy of 2000(Ref 7) by the Scottish executive is committed to providing fairness, equality and social inclusion for adults with learning disabilities. As a result of this strategy the local community set up the Group to provide socialisation to help with social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities through one to one befriending and group activities. Dan lived within a nuclear family unit where he was given the basic human requirements of food, shelter, clothing, love and socialisation to live until the age of 6. He was born into a society where it was common for young children with learning disabilities especially those with Downs Syndrome to be institutionalised. There was also a social stigma assigned to those with learning and physical disabilities. Dans family insisted in caring for him at home until school age, but his educational needs where not met. He also suffers from anxiety attacks which his father says he developed at the age if six, when taken into the car for the first time. He reacted by lashing out and pulling hair. The anxiety attacks were given by his father as an excuse for Dan`s disruptive behaviour. His behaviour was tempered by his mother, who had to be consistently by his side cuddling him and holding his hand during his anxious moments. His parents did everything for him, until he was institutionalised. Here, he grew up where privacy, choice, dignity where lacking and he was not allowed to take risks. Life skills, education and road work where not given. More often than not in the past, these patients where drugged if they showed any signs of disruptive behaviour. Being locked up living in Nightingale wards with communal living and toilets may have also contributed to his anxiety attacks. These anxiety attacks still causes Dan to behave in a challenging manner if he feels hemmed in, especially in crowded places with no obvious means of escape. After 1995, when government strategies of closing large institutions were implemented through the(Ref8) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and its amendments of 2003 Dan was given a home within supported accommodation as his father was elderly. Dan did not like to go out unless his father was with him and tended not to interact with anyone when introduced. His anxiety attacks causes him to be agitated when his routines change. He finds it difficult to make choices unless they are limited and is not keen on trying anything new. He is unable to read or write, he has no life skills e.g unable to make a cup of tea, make a slice of toast, shop or clean his home, he is unable to cross the road without help. The physical developmental stage Dan has reached is that of an adult but the emotional stage is that of childhood between 2-12 years of age, probably nearer the age of seven or eight. He has been living out with the large institution for six years now but has not learned to change his behaviour accordingly. This may be as a result of being told by his support workers that he cannot do certain things as they deem certain activities to be a risk. Staffing problems also contribute to the lack of his change in behaviour as time constraints in helping Dan learn new skills are often given as an excuse for staff not being able to assist Dan attempt new things. So, I believe he is still institutionalised although he lives in smaller community shared accommodation. He was given no choice as to where he would live, who he would be sharing with or who would be supporting him. With the help of his family, before being institutionalised he was able to meet the bottom three stages as seen in Maslow`s hierarchy of needs pyramid. (Ref9) Abraham Maslow was a humanist psychologist who developed this model between the 1940s and 1950`s. He stated that human needs can be arranged in a step ladder pyramid and that the lower level needs must be satisfied before higher levels can be met. This model consisted of eight stages. He stated that we are all motivated by need as evolved over thousands of years. He stated that we must satisfy these needs in turn, starting with the first. The first need is the physiological need which is e.g having food, oxygen, water, etc, the needs to allow our bodies to survive. The second need is that of physiological and physical security, whereby there is protection from possible hazardous circumstances and objects. The third need is belonging and love, which is being part of a group of family and friends in a loving situation with trust acceptance and affection. The fourth need is esteem which is respect of self and others. The fifth need is self actualisation which is realising personal potential. The fifth need is Cognitive needs with knowledge and understanding. The sixth need is Aesthetic needs which is the appreciation of symmetry, beauty, order and form. The seventh need is self- actulisation which is realising ones full potential and the eighth need is transcendence which is helping others to fulfil their potential. Dan, as functionalist sociologist (Ref10) Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) argued, will have gained his primary socialisation and emotional stability within a nuclear family of two parents, a mother and father, plus his siblings. Primary socialisation can be defined as a means by which the norms and values of society are taught to children and they learn to accept these values within the family. The functionalist sociologists believe that society can be compared to a living body, with different organs (institutions) having different functions yet all working together to keep the body (society) alive.They consider the family to be a small version of society which operates as a social, economic and emotional unit. The conflict theorist believe that society is separated into two classes, with the bourgeoisie and the proletariat who are at odds with one another. The family, conflict theorists state is just another social institutions which contribute to the acceptance of social inequality. Every member takes difference roles at certain times in the family life cycle and conflict happens within the family when a person challenges those roles, e.g teenagers challenging parental authority. Dan lived in an institution from the age of six so his secondary socialisation was to learn to live within the confines of the institution. This socialisation would have been radically different from a family situation. (ref11) Research showed that concerns grew about the care given by institutions quality of care provided by these institutions in terms of gross physical deprivation (overcrowding, poor food, clothing and environment), abuse (ill-treatment, theft of possessions and over-use of medication and restraint) and neglect and inactivity (lack of care, lack of contact and stimulation and extensive periods of disengagement and isolation staff and client interaction and engagement in meaningful activities would have been poor . As a result, no chances where available to allow Dan to move to the next level of Maslows Pyramid of Needs of self esteem. (Ref 12) Dan was the youngest member of the family and so according to Alfred Adler this would have affected the type of personality that he would develop later on in life. The youngest are known to get their own way and to have a stronger parent bond, which Dan did Have as he was overprotected and indulged before hospitalisation. But, this cocooning can also be claustrophobic. But, by being institutionalised, according to Erikson, his environment would also have affected Dan`s development and have had an impact on his behaviour . The behaviour Dan often displays can be explained by the behaviourist theory, which was named (Ref 13)Learned Helplessness. While experimenting on dogs using Pavlov`s theory of Classical Conditioning, which shows links between the stimulus and the response. Seligman discovered that learned behaviour is a results of the belief that the person`s actions are futile. People who have lived in Institutions have learned not to expect to have any control over their lives. Behaviourist theorists believe that if behaviour is learned, then it can be unlearned. Lev Vygotsky and Russian cognitive psychologist believed that development was guided by culture and interpersonal communication with significant adults. Being institutionalised will have reduced Dan`s chances of having regular important communication with a significant adult. Vygotsky stated that to learn a range of tasks that are too difficult on their own, a child must be shown or guided by someone who is more knowledgeable. This became known as the Zone of proximal development. This assumes that the child has the ability to memorise and the capacity to recall the learned experience. This is not always possible in some with a learning disability. In the care setting where Dan spent his life, the chances of a child being challenged to learn new skills would have been diminished or non- existent. Vygotsky was the first to observe that social isolation caused a delay in both social and cognitive development. The anxiety attacks Dan suffers from can also be explained via Operant Conditioning suggested by B.F.Skinner (1953). Operant Conditioning is where behaviour is followed by a consequence. His behaviour of lashing out when he is anxious is a result of positive reinforcement where initially this bad behaviour was rewarded by receiving physical and emotional contact from his mother before institutionalisation and later attention from nursing staff in the institution. Positive reinforcement is where the consequence is a positive outcome. Now, Dan`s support staff try to ensure that Dan does not come into a situation that may make him anxious. After the death of his elderly mother Dan relied totally on his elderly father for any continued socialisation, as his siblings had long left home to set up their own family life. (stats to be put in) His father feared Dan would become isolated, especially as his father was becoming less able to take Dan out. Dan was introduced to join the Group by his father in an attempt to introduce him to new friends, increase his confidence and improve his self esteem. His time at the group has seen his confidence increase. After moving out into the community, Dan was rather introverted and shy and would only go out in the company of his father. This concerned his ninety year old father greatly, and so his father came to our organisation in the hope that we could increase Dan`s social circle. Dan was assessed by being asked a number of questions using PIES to establish what his Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social needs were. This information was put into his activity plan which we use instead of a Care Plan. As under the NHS and Community Care (Scotland) Act 1990 everyone is entitled to a care plan. Dan will have such a plan set up by the social work department. To increase his social circle as requested by his father, we included him in a number of activities which has expanded his scope of social activity and made him less isolated. Dan`s physical needs are met by social services, but his intellectual needs of mental stimulation, his emotional needs of needing to increase his self esteem and his social needs of social interaction require attention. Dan has already improved his social skills through art by now communicating well with our staff and is keen to take his work home to show to his family and carers. His father has commented on how the communication skills of Dan have improved and his confidence has increased. Remembering Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs, I had assessed that Dan would benefit from reaching the fourth stage Esteem Needs. I felt an activity that would help to improve his confidence, his communication skills and make him less anxious in a large group situation would be beneficial. I spoke to him and observed him answer my questions .One of my questions gave him a choice of activities to try, I found that the activity he was most interested in was art. I mentor both at the art group and on an individual basis, which helps adults with learning disabilities gain new skills, gain confidence, improve self esteem, socialisation and self actualisation through creativity. Carl Gustav Jung a Swiss psychiatrist B.1875 to D. 1961 encouraged patients to use art to convey their unconscious emotions. He stated that (Ref14) drawing, painting, and modeling can be used to bring unconscious material to light. Once a series has become dramatic, it can easily pass over into the auditive or linguistic sphere and give rise to dialogues and the like. (1941) My aim was to try to put coping mechanisms in place to allow him to be able to take part in the graded unit activity which was to allow him to create a work of art and to exhibit at our Malawi Awareness Evening, which we expected to be busy. This activity is to take place some weeks away so it was important for me to arrange new art activities over a period of time, to allow him to gain confidence in being part of a large group. My goal through these activities was to allow Dan the chance to increase his confidence and communication skills and to develop coping mechanisms to allow him to deal with his fear of large groups. I have used the (Ref 7) task-centred model in planning this exercise; this is a short-term problem solving approach over a short period. This had five phases- Problem Identification (assessment), Agreement, Planning goals, Achieving Tasks and Evaluation. Here, the client takes concrete action to solve the problem. The Initial interview or phase allowed Dan to express his need to have more confidence when in a room with more people in order to be able to enjoy more activities. He wanted to complete a painting and to be present at its exhibition. To achieve these goals, we agreed on the steps and tasks t hat allowed Dan to attain his goal. We emphasised the tasks that were required to be completed to allow Dan to exhibit his work of art and agree on timescales for the tasks. Other interviews will took place to ensure that we were on track and that Dan felt safe and confident doing the agreed tasks. With Dan`s agreement we decided to have an hourly one to one befriending art session of three one hour sessions per week over four weeks and to increase these sessions to become a group session. To do this I needed to slowly introduce more and more people to the group. These were other service users, staff and volunteers. With agreement of everyone involved I brought people in one at a time each session. I did this by giving each individual a date and time to join us at the Group premises. I hoped that by the end of the four weeks he would be able to sit in a room happily with at least twelve noisy people. He had to have a positive experience and to have a positive association with the group. Dan enjoyed a regular cup of tea and a chocolate biscuit, so I introduced this positive experience to him in the group setting while he was painting. I ensured he sat facing the door and informed him that he was able to leave the room at any time. I sat him at the end of the table to ensure that he did not feel hemmed in.